The Veterans Administration Disability Rating And Records Systems – What Veterans Deal With As They Navigate Them

 

EDITOR'S NOTE: The "TASK AND PURPOSE" Article by Jeff Schogol below admirably demonstrates that the application for VA disability benefits is far from simple and quite extensive for the Veteran applicant to receive his or her rating.

The image above depicts a second challenging factor for veterans health care; the enormously expensive and as yet not completed Military And Veterans Health Care Records System that has exceeded a decade in development and has yet to be launched effectively.

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"TASK AND PURPOSE" By Jeff Schogol

"The disability benefits that veterans receive from the Department of Veterans Affairs have become the subject of a growing number of policy papers and editorials that argue those benefits are too generous or too easily given out.

However, what is often missing from those arguments is the reality behind the process — the steps veterans have to go through, the evidence they have to provide to prove their injuries were a result of their service, and how those benefits are tallied up and assigned a value. Veterans health benefits, particularly disability compensation, are far from simple or easy to navigate. They revolve around disability ratings, which range from 0 to 100% and despite claims to the contrary that have cropped up on social media — and in discussions on veterans’ care — disability benefits are not equivalent to welfare and being a “disabled veteran” in the eyes of the VA, does not bar someone from full-time work.

Between combat, training, and everyday accidents, veterans can leave military service with a number of debilitating injuries and illnesses, the most severe of which may qualify for a 100% disability rating from the Department of Veterans Affairs. These veterans often face growing medical expenses over their lifetime and their health conditions make it difficult for them to work at the level they’d be at if they hadn’t been injured as a result of their service.

Here’s how the VA determines eligibility ratings and what they actually mean.

Veterans disability benefits are not an entitlement

The first step in the process is that a veteran must submit a claim, which the VA then reviews before determining whether the veteran is eligible for benefits under the applicable federal regulation, according to the VA. After applying private medical records, military records, and other required documents, the VA determines whether a veteran’s disabilities are connected to their service.

The VA then decides if the veteran needs to undergo a VA examination, and based on the evidence presented, it assigns the veteran a rating based on the criteria found within the VA Schedule for Rating Disabilities (VASRD).

Some of the health conditions that typically qualify for a 100% disability rating, according to the VA, include the loss of a hand and foot; the loss of both hands or both feet; and complete blindness from an injury.

But obtaining a 100% disability rating from the VA is “extremely challenging,” and veterans rarely receive such a rating for a single condition, said Michael Embrich, a Navy veteran, former member of the Secretary of Veterans Affairs Advisory Committee on the Readjustment of Veterans, and a former congressional staffer 

“For many veterans, it can take 10 to 20 years post-service to reach this rating as their conditions worsen or new service-connected issues arise,” said Emrbich, who is also a columnist for Rolling Stone. “Typically, only the most critically wounded combat veterans receive a 100% rating immediately upon evaluation.”

Embrich noted that VA benefits are not intended to replace disabled veterans’ income. Rather, disability benefits are intended to compensate veterans for the loss that they have endured. In other words, these benefits are earned. They are not an entitlement.

The U.S. government does not place any restrictions on veterans with a 100% disability rating preventing them from working full time unless their rating includes Total Disability based on Individual Unemployability, or TDIU, Embrich said.

“In cases of TDIU, income is restricted to the poverty threshold (approximately $13,000 annually),” Embrich said. “The government generally encourages veterans to pursue employment and does not impose work restrictions solely based on a 100% disability rating.”

Disability rating ‘math’

Many veterans with a 100% disability rating have several injuries or ailments. But the process by which the VA calculates overall disability ratings for multiple health conditions is not straightforward arithmetic. There’s math, and then there’s VA math.

For example, if a veteran has three health conditions that are assigned 50%, 30% and 10% disability ratings respectively, that doesn’t mean the veteran will be assigned a 90% disability rating for all three, explained Scott Hope, deputy national service director for training with DAV (Disabled American Veterans).

The VA would take the highest disability rating the veteran has, in this case 50%, to determine the “remaining essential function of the veteran,” Hope said. In other words, the VA would view this veteran as 50% able.

That means the next highest disability rating would only apply to the 50% able side of the equation, Hope said. So, when the VA combines a 50% and 30% disability rating, it gets 15%. The overall rating would be 65%.

Under this scenario, that leaves the 10% disability rating, he said. At this point, the VA has determined that the veteran is 35% able, so 10% of that is 3.5%.

Disability ratings always end in zero, and they are rounded up or down, Hope said. That means the veterans combined disability rating of 68.5% would be rounded up to 70%.

“You would need 27 10% disabilities to get to 100%, if you had only 10% disabilities,” Hope said. “You would need 13 20%’s, nine 30%’s, six 40%’s, five 50%’s, and so on. Pretty soon, you’re just going up half a percent with each one of these things until you finally get to a number that actually increases your overall rating.”

The costs of 20 years of war

It hasn’t been easy for veterans of the Global War on Terrorism to navigate the VA’s disability process and receive the compensation they’re owed, said Rodger Pinto, on the policy and advocacy team with Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America.

Many Iraq and Afghanistan veterans are suffering from different types of cancer as well as respiratory and digestive system ailments as a result of being exposed to toxins, Pinto told Task & Purpose

“The post 9/11 generation of veterans has had some big challenges when it comes to disability ratings, primarily because of the nature of the conflicts we were involved in and the length of those conflicts — toxic exposure being one of the first big challenges that our generation of veterans faced,” Pinto said. “And that required really significant levels of advocacy as well as a large piece of legislation moving through Congress: The PACT Act.”

Passed in August 2022, the PACT Act allows the VA to presume that Iraq and Afghanistan veterans suffering from lung cancer and other diseases were sickened by their exposure to burn pits and other sources of toxins. It also makes it easier for veterans who were exposed to Agent Orange while serving outside Vietnam as well as veterans suffering from Gulf War Illness to file medical claims with the VA.

Another challenge facing Iraq and Afghanistan veterans is the combined effects of 20 years of war and constant deployments, Pinto said. Repeated exposure to concussions from blasts have taken a toll on many of these veterans.

Traumatic brain injury, TBI, is one of the signature injuries of both the Iraq and Afghanistan wars due to the widespread use of improvised explosive devices, or IEDs, by enemy forces, he said.

In January 2014, the VA recognized the following health conditions as those presumed to be connected to service for veterans diagnosed with service-connected TBI: Parkinson’s disease, unprovoked seizures, certain dementias, depression, and diseases of hormone deficiency.

Although the VA’s disability process has improved over the past 20 years, “It is still very much a work in progress,” Pinto said.

“It’s a big challenge for the veterans community, especially post passage of the PACT Act,” Pinto said. “We’ve seen a lot of folks claim that veterans benefits have exploded — the recent Economist article that came out calling veterans too generous. The article fails to mention that for the past 20 years they’ve also been engaged in warfare. Just kind of conveniently leaves out the fact that we’ve just had our longest conflict to date. We’ve sent soldiers and sailors and Marines to war, and at the end of the day, we don’t want to pay the bill for what that has cost them.”

What is a ‘100% disability’ rating and what does that actually mean for veterans

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Jeff Schogol is a senior staff writer for Task & Purpose. He has covered the military for nearly 20 years. Email him at schogol@taskandpurpose.com; direct message @JSchogol73030 on Twitter; or reach him on WhatsApp and Signal at 703-909-6488.

41 US Arms Companies In Top 100 Revenue Worldwide On The Back Of Wars And Regional Tensions

 

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"Stockholm Internatinal Peace Research Institute "

"United States companies recorded arms revenues of $317 billion, half the total arms revenues of the Top 100 "

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"(Stockholm, 2 December 2024) Revenues from sales of arms and military services by the 100 largest companies in the industry reached $632 billion in 2023, a real-terms increase of 4.2 per cent compared with 2022, according to new data released today by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), available at www.sipri.org.

Read this press release in Catalan (PDF), French (PDF), Spanish (PDF) or Swedish (PDF).

Click here to explore the interactive table of the SIPRI Top 100 arms-producing and military services companies in the world, 2023.

Download the SIPRI Fact Sheet here.

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Arms revenue increases were seen in all regions, with particularly sharp rises among companies based in Russia and the Middle East. Overall, smaller producers were more efficient at responding to new demand linked to the wars in Gaza and Ukraine, growing tensions in East Asia and rearmament programmes elsewhere.

SIPRI Top 100 companies ramp up production and build workforces

In 2023 many arms producers ramped up their production in response to surging demand. The total arms revenues of the Top 100 bounced back after a dip in 2022. Almost three quarters of companies increased their arms revenues year-on-year. Notably, most of the companies that increased their revenues were in the lower half of the Top 100.

‘There was a marked rise in arms revenues in 2023, and this is likely to continue in 2024,’ said Lorenzo Scarazzato, a Researcher with the SIPRI Military Expenditure and Arms Production Programme. ‘The arms revenues of the Top 100 arms producers still did not fully reflect the scale of demand, and many companies have launched recruitment drives, suggesting they are optimistic about future sales.’

US companies’ arms revenues rise, but production challenges remain

The 41 companies in the Top 100 based in the United States recorded arms revenues of $317 billion, half the total arms revenues of the Top 100 and 2.5 per cent more than in 2022. Since 2018, the top five companies in the Top 100 have all been based in the USA.

Of the 41 US companies, 30 increased their arms revenues in 2023. However, Lockheed Martin and RTX, the world’s two largest arms producers, were among those registering a drop.

‘Larger companies like Lockheed Martin and RTX manufacturing a wide range of arms products often depend on complex, multi-tiered supply chains, which made them vulnerable to lingering supply chain challenges in 2023,’ said Dr Nan Tian, Director of SIPRI’s Military Expenditure and Arms Production Programme. ‘This was particularly the case in the aeronautics and missile sectors.’

European arms industry trails rest of world in revenue growth

The combined arms revenues of the 27 Top 100 companies based in Europe (excluding Russia) totalled $133 billion in 2023. This was only 0.2 per cent more than in 2022, the smallest increase in any world region.

However, behind the low growth figure the picture is more nuanced. European arms companies producing complex weapon systems were mostly working on older contracts during 2023 and their revenues for the year consequently do not reflect the influx of orders.

‘Complex weapon systems have longer lead times,’ said Lorenzo Scarazzato. ‘Companies that produce them are thus inherently slower in reacting to changes in demand. That explains why their arms revenues were relatively low in 2023, despite a surge in new orders.’

At the same time, a number of other European producers saw their arms revenues grow substantially, driven by demand linked to the war in Ukraine, particularly for ammunition, artillery and air defence and land systems. Notably, companies in Germany, Sweden, Ukraine, Poland, Norway and Czechia were able to tap into this demand. For instance, Germany’s Rheinmetall increased production capacity of 155-mm ammunition and its revenues were boosted by deliveries of its Leopard tanks and new orders, including through war-related ‘ring-exchange’ programmes (under which countries supply military goods to Ukraine and receive replacements from allies).

Wartime production leads to sharp rise in Russian firms’ arms revenues

The two Russian companies listed in the Top 100 saw their combined revenues increase by 40 per cent to reach an estimated $25.5 billion. This was almost entirely due to the 49 per cent increase in arms revenues recorded by Rostec, a state-owned holding company controlling many arms producers, including seven previously listed in the Top 100 for which individual revenue data could not be obtained.

‘Official data on Russian arms production is scarce and questionable but most analysts believe that the production of new military equipment increased substantially in 2023, while Russia’s existing arsenal underwent extensive refurbishment and modernization,’ said Dr Nan Tian. ‘In particular, combat aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, tanks, munitions and missiles are all thought to have been produced in greater numbers as Russia continued its offensive in Ukraine.’

South Korean and Japanese companies lead revenue growth in Asia and Oceania

The 23 companies in the Top 100 based in Asia and Oceania recorded 5.7 per cent arms revenue growth year-on-year, to reach $136 billion. The four South Korea-based companies recorded a combined 39 per cent increase in arms revenues to reach $11.0 billion. The five companies based in Japan saw their combined arms revenues rise by 35 per cent to $10.0 billion. A policy of military build-up in Japan since 2022 drove a flurry of domestic orders, with some companies seeing the value of new orders increase more than 300 per cent.

‘The sharp growth in arms revenues among South Korean and Japanese companies reflects the bigger picture of military build-ups taking place in the region in response to heightened threat perceptions,’ said Xiao Liang, a Researcher with the SIPRI Military Expenditure and Arms Production Programme. ‘South Korean firms are also trying to expand their share of the global arms market, including demand in Europe related to the war in Ukraine.’

Middle East arms producers see revenue growth linked to Gaza, Ukraine conflicts

Six of the Top 100 arms companies were based in the Middle East. Their combined arms revenues grew by 18 per cent to $19.6 billion. With the outbreak of war in Gaza, the arms revenues of the three companies based in Israel in the Top 100 reached $13.6 billion. This was the highest figure ever recorded by Israeli companies in the SIPRI Top 100. The three companies based in Türkiye saw their arms revenues grow by 24 per cent to $6.0 billion, benefiting from exports prompted by the war in Ukraine and from the Turkish government’s continued push towards self-reliance in arms production.

‘The biggest Middle Eastern arms producers in the Top 100 saw their arms revenues reach unprecedented heights in 2023 and the growth looks set to continue,’ said Dr Diego Lopes da Silva, Senior Researcher with the SIPRI Military Expenditure and Arms Production Programme. ‘In particular, as well as taking in record arms revenues in 2023, Israeli arms producers are booking many more orders as the war in Gaza rages on and spreads.’

Other notable developments

• The nine companies in the Top 100 based in China saw their smallest year-on-year percentage increase in arms revenues (+0.7 per cent) since 2019 amid a slowing economy. Their total arms revenues in 2023 reached $103 billion.
• The combined arms revenues of the three Indian companies in the Top 100 increased to $6.7 billion (+5.8 per cent).
• NCSIST, the only Taiwan-based company in the Top 100, recorded a 27 per cent increase in its arms revenues to $3.2 billion.
• Türkiye’s Baykar produces armed uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) that have been widely used in the war in Ukraine. Exports accounted for around 90 per cent of its arms revenues in 2023, which increased by 25 per cent over the year to $1.9 billion.
• The United Kingdom’s Atomic Weapons Establishment, which designs, manufactures and maintains nuclear warheads, recorded the largest year-on-year percentage increase in arms revenues (+16 per cent) among UK companies in the Top 100, to reach $2.2 billion.

About the SIPRI Arms Industry Database

The SIPRI Arms Industry Database was created in 1989. At that time, it excluded data for companies in China, the Soviet Union and countries in Eastern Europe. The current version contains data for 2002–23, including data for companies in Russia. Chinese companies are included from 2015 onwards.

‘Arms revenues’ refer to revenues generated from the sales of military goods and services to military customers domestically and abroad. Unless otherwise specified, all changes are expressed in real terms and all figures are given in constant 2023 US dollars. Comparisons between 2022 and 2023 are based on the list of companies in the ranking for 2023 (i.e. the annual comparison is between the same set of companies). Longer-term comparisons are based on the sets of companies listed in the respective year (i.e. the comparison is between a different set of companies).

The SIPRI Arms Industry Database, which presents a more detailed data set for the years 2002–23, is available on SIPRI’s website at <https://www.sipri.org/databases/armsindustry>.

This is the first of three major data launches in the lead-up to the release of SIPRI’s flagship publication in mid 2025, the annual SIPRI Yearbook. Ahead of this, SIPRI will release its international arms transfers data (details of all international transfers of major arms in 2024) as well as its world military expenditure data (comprehensive information on global, regional and national trends in military spending in 2024).

Media contacts

For information or interview requests contact Mimmi Sh